Biology P4 (again) : And stretch your hands to avoid cramp.

As I always say, I'm not Vika. I'm only borrowing his ID (again, lol).

This is a short listings of all (maybe) processes that is involved in our biology lesson.

But in fact, there are so many processes in biology, that this list ended up long, which is a pain for me.

This may (or may not) help you, but it certainly helps me since by writing these points, I remember better, "So why don't I contribute by writing it in the blog? Like killing two birds with a shotgun" I thought.

Whatevs lets just go to the main part.

1. Synaptic Transmission

• Action potential arrives on presynaptic membrane
• It causes uptake of Calcium Ions
• Calcium Ions cause vesicles of Acetylcholine (ACh) to fuse with presynaptic membrane
• ACh released and diffuse across synaptic cleft
• ACh binds with receptors on postsynaptic membrane
• Sodium channel is opened, Sodium Ions enter and depolarisation occur, action potential initiated

2. Action Potentials

• Resting potential is -65 mV (maintained actively by sodiumpotassiumpumps (3 sodium out for 2 potassium in)
• Action potential arrives, Na+ moves in through its voltage-gated channels
• Potential is +40 now because of excess of positive ions (depolarisation)
  
• Na+ channels close, sodiumpotassiumpumps restore resting potential (repolarisation) (briefly becomes more negative than normal)

3. ADH Effect

• ADH arrives through blood and binds to receptors in plasma membranes of the lining-cells of collecting ducts.
• It causes enzyme controlled reactions that produce active phosphorylase enzyme
• active phosphorylase enzyme causes vesicles of water permeable channels to move.
• Vesicles fuse with membrane, and voila! Your collecting duct is now permeable to water..

4. Meiosis Process (Things similar to mitosis will not be mentioned throughoughly (did I spell that right?))

• Meiosis I :
  
• Prophase I : homologous chromosomes pair up, (one pair is called as bivalent), and everything goes like mitosis, except crossing over occurs inbetween bivalent
• Metaphase I : They line up, independent assorment occurs.
• Anaphase I : centromeres DO NOT divide unlike mitosis
• Telophase I : as usual
• Meiosis II :
• Everything is as usual, but this time, the centromeres do break and divide.

5. Photophosphorylation (One of the longest, real word I've ever seen, that I have to copy paste this word through the list, do they ever attempt to abbreviate this word?)
(I strongly reccomend Figure 16.4 of our biology textbook (old edition))

• Photolysis, gives out 2H+, O, and 2 electrons.
• Electrons go to P680 and get excited to higher energy level. (Non cyclic-Photophosphorylation)
• Energy in electrons used to make ATP
• Electrons go to P700, excited again, used to make ATP again, and it cycles. (Cyclic-Photophosphorylation)
• 2 Electrons with the previous 2H+ ions combines with NADP to form reduced NADP.

6. Calvin Cycle (figure 16.6 is reccomended now)
RuBP = ribulose biphosphate, GP = glycerate 3-phosphate, TP = triose phosphate

• CO2 combines with RuBP to form unstable 6C compound
• It breaks to form 2 GP which is 3C compound
• Reduced NADP and ATP used to make GP into TP
• TP is used to make glucose, amino acid, lipids, etc.
• TP can also be used to regenerate RuBP

7. Phosphorylation (figure 15.9 is reccomended)

• Glucose, by using ATP turns into Hexose Phosphate, by using ATP again turns into Hexose Biphosphate, which breaks to 2 Triose Phosphate molecules.
• 2 TP turns into 'intermediates' and give out 2ATP and 2H, that forms 2 reduced NAD.
• 'intermediates' turns into 2 pyruvate molecules.

8. Krebs Cycle (...crap, this is long..I'll use symbols to make it short.) (figure 15.11 is reccomended)
[N] = an NAD molecule turns into reduced NAD during the process, [C] = CO2 is kicked out during the process

• A molecule of pyruvate turns into Acetyl CoA [N][C]
• AcetylCoA combine with oxaloacetate to form citrate (6C)
• citrate (6C) through some process turns into (5C) [N][C]
• Same thing happen to the (5C) molecule again, producing a (4C) molecule [N][C]
• the (4C) molecule turns into oxaloacetate, during this, an FAD is reduced an ATP is formed [N]

9. Anaerobic respiration (a short paragraph for this one) (figure 15.16 & 15.17 is reccomended)

Basically there are 2 types, lactate (in muscles) and ethanol (in bacteria).
The starting process is similar: glucose turns into pyruvate, making ATP and giving 2H in the process. 2H used to make 2 reduced NADs.
This is the difference:

• Lactate: the 2 reduced NADs give out the 2H they previously received to the pyruvate forming lactate.
• Ethanol: pyruvate lose CO2 somehow, becoming ethanal. Then, the 2 reduced NADs give out the 2H they previously received to ethanal which become ethanol.

Notably, reduced NADs are acting as coenzymes in this process. (maybe..)


Ahh there you go.. (letting out a sigh of relief)
Please tell me if I spelled anything wrong or something like that. I'm not perfect, and definitely not a 'dewa'.
There are several points that I purposely do not include like gene technology and sexual reproduction (For those testosteroners dont go "whut no sex?" on me, and flame in the comment box.). But these points are outside the textbook and Ms.Yanti has recently repeatedly taught us about these excluded points.

Yes, yes, I myself am wondering, why the heck would I write this at the night before the test? And on top of it, I wrote this at 10p.m. and finished at 11p.m. Chances are, nobody will ever read this before the test, since they are already asleep, resting properly before tomorrow's test at 7.30 a.m. (except Vika maybe). But at least it benefits me (and Vika maybe) as I've said. Also, as Vika reasoned; " The future generations may need this."

But seriously, I have no idea of why am I doing this.. It just occured..
Ah well, eventhough no one is reading this, but good luck anyways for the Bio P4 tomorrow and Math P3 too.

*abrupt end*